Female Genital Mutilation in Africa :: Genitals Reproduction Culture Essays

Female Genital Mutilation in Africaital Mutilation in Sudan In the country of Sudan, in Northern Africa, in that respect is a procedure that is tradition and is performed on most women called female genital mutilation, or FGM, which used to be known as female circumcision. It has been a formula practice for generations, but is now the subject for international controversy on the morality and safety of this procedure. It is now known that 82 percent of Sudanese charhave an extreme form of genital mutilation done on them, normally at a young age. This form of mutilation is called the Pharaonic form and includes the total removal of the clitoris and labia, and stitching together of the vulva, leaving only a small hole for urination and menstrual cycle. This is normally done without any type of anesthetic agent or professional medical c are. There is also a more moderate form of mutilation, called Sunni, where only the covering of the clitoris is removed. This practice started and b ecame tradition in foreign countries in order to ensure that women practice chaste behavior, and to suppress female sexuality. It has also been attributed to religious beliefs of monogamy although most religions do non back this type of practice. In todays society it has become more of a traditional and social norm, and has less to do with religious beliefs. This problem is not only in Sudan it is practiced in the majority of the continent of Africa as well as other countries. In other cultures, such as Australian aborigines, genital mutilation is a part of the rite of passage into maturation, and is done on both men and women (Bodley, p. 58). FGM has often been referred to as female circumcision and compared to male circumcision. However, such comparison is often misleading. dickens practices include the removal of well- functioning parts of the genitalia and are quite unnecessary. However, FGM is far more drasticand damaging than male circumcision because it is extremely dange rous and painful. It is believed that two thirds of these procedures are done by untrained birth attendants, who have little knowledge of health. They are often unconcerned with hygiene, and many use instruments that are not cleaned or disinfected properly. Instruments such as razor blades, scissors, kitchen knives, and pieces of glass are commonly used. These instruments are frequently used on several girls in succession and are rarely cleaned, causing the transmission of a variety of viruses such as the HIV virus, and other infections.

Post-graduate Traveling Fellowship Recipient Essay -- Environmental Ec

Post-graduate Traveling Fellowship Recipient With every step, you are met by the close to bizarre and call into questionful forms, she told me. I have never heard someone talk about nature in the way that my host mother in France did. She has not been able to return to what she calls the jungles of Madagascar-her birthplace-but images of wild and beautiful greenness have never left her mind. In Madagascar, there are two hundred grand different species of living things ninety-three percent of them are endemic to this island. Wide-eyed lemurs and bright red Fody birds can be found nowhere else in the world. constitution has made of Madagascar an isolated and thriving sanctuary for flowers, frogs, and monkeys different from those created elsewhere. This island is a place of magic and wonder.Yet while the baobob tree-locally called the monkey bread tree-once dotted the landscape of Madagascar, it is quickly being deforested to make way for agriculture. Indeed, each year, thirty perc ent of Madagascars land is burned or reburned. This practice not only threatens the habitat of unique wildlife it is routine the country into an eroded and uninhabitable wasteland. The need for subsistence in this poverty-stricken nation has led many people to conceive of the immense natural resources of the island for their economic tax alone. Yet if forestry and agricultural practices are to be sustainable, and if the magic and wonder of Madagascar are to be preserved for future generations, the Malagasy give need to conceive of their natural environs in a different way.Only through direct contact with environmental reality can students develop a real appreciation and dread of nature that leads to a sense of stewardship and a desire to protec... ...n Antananarivo, these university students will assume directors roles and the program will thus expand to include more interested children. Upon my departure, these directors will completely take over and urban environmental educat ion in Antananarivo will continue.Through public service, I have come to enamour the role of teacher as a creator of possibility. Through my proposed urban environmental education program in Antananarivo, Madagascar, I hope to create the luck for urban kids to have frequent and direct contact with ecological processes through which experience they might come to see their environment in a reinvigorated and more sustainable way. In the end, my hope is to create the possibility that my host mothers children and her grandchildren might one day see the jungles of Madagascar where she was born and experience the magic and wonder she describes.

Modern World terms :: essays research papers

1. contend of the Spanish Succession- (1701-14), conflict that arose out of the disputed succession to the throne of Spain following the death of the childless(prenominal) Charles II, the last of the Spanish Habsburgs. The battles raged across Europe for eleven years. In an effort to regulate the impending succession, to which there were three principal claimants, England, the Dutch Republic, and France signed the First Treaty of Partition, agreeing Prince Joseph Ferdinand, should inherit Spain. 2. War of the Austrian Succession- (1740-1748). Maria Theresa of Austria succeeded her father Charles VI. She, as a woman, was seen as weak, and some other princes alleged rights to the thrown. The hostilities began with the invasion of Silesia by King Frederick II of Prussia and only cease with peace of Aix-la-Chapelle. Most of the military interest of the war lies in the struggle of Prussia and Austria for Silesia. 3. Seven Years War- (1754 and 1756-1763). decisive round in the Franco-B ritish competition for compound empire. With the Treat of Paris (1763) France lost all its possessions on the mainland of North America and gave up most of its holdings in India as well. By 1763, Britain had realized its goal of monopolizing a vast trade and colonial empire for its benefit. 4. cottage workers- workers who were paid to work in villages. Worked in spurts where the man tended to drink after they were paid. 5. enclosure system- authorized the fencing of disseminate fields in a given village and the division of the common in proportion to ones property in the open fields. It marked the completion of two major historical developments in England the rise of market oriented estate agriculture and the emergence of a land less proletariat6. domestic system- also known as the putting out system was a popular system of cloth production in Europe. It existed as early as the 1400s but was most prominent in the 17th and 18th centuries. Workers would work from home, manufacturing individual articles from raw materials, then bring them to a central place of business, such as a marketplace or a larger town, to be assembled and sold. 7. spinsters- widows and unmarried women who spun for their living8. agricultural revolution- produced a transformation of mankind society brought about by the invention of the plow, making large scale agricultural production possible and leading to agrarian societies. Many people shriek it the dawn of civilization.

Sorting Through Education :: Classrooms School Learning Essays

Sorting Through procreationThe whole worlds a classroom, and to really make it one, the set-back thing is to believe it is. (62) This quote is from Jon Spaydes article entitled Learning in the Key of Life in which he discusses education outside of the classroom. Education is a word that encompasses all new k presentlyledge that a someone receives. This includes erudition to walk and talk as a child, learning to read and write, learning to make friends and how to keep them. We receive an education everyday starting the minute we wake up. Some knowledge is working, such as cooking and working effectively with others, and other knowledge is philosophical such as complicated mathematical theorems and Protegras idea that Man is the measure of all things. The question now becomes which fount of knowledge is more important, practical or philosophical? My challenge to the reader is to try to see these two ideas as a weighted balance. Both sides are equally important and each enriches the other. If there is enough of both everything tends to balance nicely with each idea corresponding with another. What happens if learning and education focuses more on one then the other? The scale is then lopsided. The more extreme the tilt toward one type of education, the more extreme that life is. For example, a person who can pass any test they take with flying colors but can not use a map to find thier guidance around. That person is book smart but has no vernacular sense. Lets look at what is referred to often as street smarts or common sense. Street smarts are those things that are learned outside the classroom such as how to communicate with people and how to survive in the every day world. This practical knowledge is extremely important to learn. Everyday we go out we usually learn something that is useful to us as humans. For example, let us take a looks at a man known as Edward. Edward was tiling a capital as child with his father. A piece of paper flew off the ro of and Edward, being a little boy, tried to jump off after it. His father stopped him and Edward learned an important lesson that day on impulsiveness. He now knows to think before acting. Other examples of learning through experience are we learn to read through magazines and comics as seen in Mike Roses article Lives on the Boundry.

Sex as a Means of Agency Essay -- Aristophanes Female Women Essays

Sex as a Means of AgencyA womans harder to conquer than any beast, than fire, and no panther is quite so ferocious. (Aristophanes 1058)Life for an Athenian woman was marked by her daily occupation to the household and its occupants. This was the orbital cavity of life where she was able to exert the most power and maintain a certain degree of way. Her domestic duties included attendance to her husband, and his sexual needs. In the curious portrayal of women in Lysistrata, Aristophanes exploits this domestic power to create a scenario where the harsh and intractable realities of life, politics and international aggression are transformed so that wives dish out to overcome husbands, love conquers war, insignificant citizens manage to discredit powerful ones (Henderson 36). Aristophanes manipulates the Athenian reality by operating on common stereotypes of women, adding to the comic element further also highlighting the gaping gender division that existed in everyday life. In this comic utopian ideal, women are able to overcome their lack of agency in the public sphere by juxtaposing their domestic (primarily sexual) power with the general polis. It is important to note that in ancient literary portrayals of women, men depict women fit in to their perceptions and the common social stereotypes. Although this may, in some cases, create a certain amount of discrepancy between the depiction of women and their actual life, it can still be a beneficial tool to understand their attitudes and struggles. As Henderson writes, even by itself the male view is interesting it enables us to study the rules and roles that men created for women and to glimpse the desires and fears that prompted their enforcement (20). In Atheni... ...ikely that one of womens foremost complaints would be their invisibility in the public sphere. Therefore, although this comedic piece is clearly an exaggeration of reality, it is a useful tool in discernment the lives of women in th e Athenian period. Aristophanes mirrors and manipulates Athenian reality as he portrays women and men through the comedic lens. In the case of Lysistrata, he incorporates common stereotypes and current institutions of power into a plot that not only puts women in a position of power, but also delineates them as the protagonists in forming a well-functioning polis. As this reflects the womens role in maintaining a respectable household, he manifests their domestic agency on a higher level as a collective mothering of Athenian society where the undefiled polis is analogous to a household managed by competent and sensible women.

Sex as a Means of Agency Essay -- Aristophanes Female Women Essays

Sex as a Means of AgencyA womans harder to enamor than any beast, than fire, and no panther is quite so ferocious. (Aristophanes 1058)Life for an Athenian woman was marked by her daily occupation to the household and its occupants. This was the sphere of flavor where she was able to exert the most power and maintain a certain degree of agency. Her domestic duties included attendance to her husband, and his sexual needs. In the comic depiction of women in Lysistrata, Aristophanes exploits this domestic power to create a scenario where the harsh and intractable realities of life, politics and international aggression are transformed so that wives manage to crucify husbands, love conquers war, insignificant citizens manage to discredit powerful aces (Henderson 36). Aristophanes manipulates the Athenian reality by operating on jet stereotypes of women, adding to the comic element but overly highlighting the gaping gender division that existed in everyday life. In this comic u topian ideal, women are able to overcome their lack of agency in the public sphere by juxtaposing their domestic (primarily sexual) power with the general polis. It is important to note that in ancient literary portrayals of women, men depict women according to their perceptions and the common social stereotypes. Although this may, in some cases, create a certain amount of discrepancy between the depiction of women and their actual life, it can still be a beneficial tool to understand their attitudes and struggles. As Henderson writes, even by itself the male view is interesting it enables us to study the rules and roles that men created for women and to glimpse the desires and fears that prompted their enforcement (20). In Atheni... ...ikely that one of womens foremost complaints would be their invisibility in the public sphere. Therefore, although this comedic piece is clearly an exaggeration of reality, it is a useful tool in understanding the lives of women in the Athenia n period. Aristophanes mirrors and manipulates Athenian reality as he portrays women and men through the comedic lens. In the case of Lysistrata, he incorporates common stereotypes and current institutions of power into a piece that not only puts women in a position of power, but also delineates them as the protagonists in forming a well-functioning polis. As this reflects the womens role in maintaining a respectable household, he manifests their domestic agency on a higher level as a collective mothering of Athenian society where the entire polis is equivalent to a household managed by competent and sensible women.

Multicultural competency Essay

Multicultural competency is indeed an essential tool required in relations with clients who have different races, perceptions and cultures. Having this skill will be of a great advantage in the progress of counselling sessions. Moreover, according to Pedersen, multiculturalism is a wide drift of multiple groups without grading, comparing, or ranking them as better or worse than one another and without denying the very distinct and complementary or even irrelevant perspectives that each group brings with it (1991, p.4). To effectively handle multiculturalism situations in counselling, counselors must develop different levels of awake(predicate)ness which are the following self-awareness, awareness of ones feature culture, awareness of racism, sexism and poverty, awareness of individual differences, awareness of other cultures and awareness of diversity. More so, to be successful in obtaining multicultural competency, counselors must also be aware of different theories and specif ic counselling practices.But the most important point to remember is that counselors must first build on a sense of price for their respective cultural backgrounds before they can start understanding other cultures (Locke, 1986, pp. 119-137). Response to Post No. 2 Jennifer Weeks Among the three weaknesses mentioned by the counselor, I envisage that the problem on terminating an interview with a client is the counselors main problem. In any session, I think time is of the essence.Clients pay the counselors per min so they should get their moneys worth for very second that they spend with their counselors. In line with this, counselors should develop a systematic way of establishing client-counselor human relationship and at the same time effectively and quickly resolving the issues of the clients in order to maximize the time allotted for the sesssion. Also, counselors should learn how to end the interview without macrocosm rude or impolite.This can be done by setting up a timel ine for the session and preparing fillers which will be used to divert the be given of the conversation if it gets beyond the timeline or the focus for that specific session.ReferencesLocke, D. C. (1990). A not so provincial view of multicultural counseling. Counselor Education and Supervision, 30, 18-25. Pedersen, P. B. (1991). Introduction to the finicky issue on multiculturalism as a fourth force in counseling. Journal of Counseling and Development, 70, 4.

Natural America

The debut of marriage has been recognize in Western society for thousands of years. It is most widely recognized as a covenant of sacred faith with the first writings referring to marriage occurring in the Bible. Marriage at that time represented a olden family structure (Haeberle, 1981) and it served a distinct purpose to propagate the human species by joining one man and one woman who were then expected to evoke children from the confederation.Over time, the definition of marriage has changed and as a Western society we no longer think of marriage as a style to procreate. Instead, marriage has bring to pass a choice and a willing union between two partners as an expression of their recognise and commitment. Is the marriage of two homogeneous sex partners any(prenominal)(prenominal) less natural than that of their heterosexual counterparts?Going to back to biblical origins, marriage was expected of each single person and on that point were even cases where one married man enjoyed multiple wives and concubines. Marriage was important to keep the human species alive. It was also important for women, in particular, as they had little perceived value in society other(a) than producing children who would keep the mans family name living long into posterity. Over time, the laws of Israel changed to sanction only monogamy and discourage divorce (Haeberle, 1981).As history progressed, women continued to fuck off the short end of the stick, so to speak, in that females were not allowed to own property or businesses or be involved in government. The only option for a woman to receive any kind of benefits from society was to marry. Men also enjoyed benefits from marriage, most particularly he was often joined with a woman whose family brought riches directly to him. Marriage was largely a business proposition up until the 20th century and usually did not take into account personal feelings or emotions.This type of traditional union between a man and wom an has survived to the present day even though there is no longer any need to propagate our species or to manage a womans possessions or wealth. Instead, Western people ar now focused on marrying for heat and obtaining a loving partner (at least when marriage is for the right reasons). But is there really a need for traditional marriage in straightaways society? According to Haeberle, marriage survives because it is a method for the orderly transmission and conservation of wealth and status. It is a way to preserve our family lineage, and serves an economical purpose in allowing for inheritance and properties to be passed down to future generations of the same family, thereby keeping wealth confined to blood lines.Certainly a heterosexual union can accomplish these goals as well as receiving official sanction from the majority of religions. Society, as well, accepts and enforces traditional marriages and encourages a set of parents to produce children and cohabitate in a family home. These traditional families engender faith, trust, and unconditional love and thus embody the core values of Western society.When two partners of the same sex wish to signify their appendage to each other by exchanging vows, their need for these same core values is no less than that of a heterosexual couple. Homosexual partners also marry for love and companionship, based on religious beliefs, often to tog out children together, and with the idea that their possessions, wealth and property will be passed down and death benefits given to their life partner. reverend Ed Evans (from Robinson, 2007) describes a same sex marriage ceremony he performed Then hugs. And kisses. Love was being expressed. Love that finally had found a flyspeck crack from which to shine.The biggest difference between same sex and heterosexual couples is that society recognizes the latter type of union. Traditional marriage couples are afforded a legally sanctioned combination of their goods with clear i nheritance laws as well as life and health insurance and death benefits. Homosexual couples are currently not allowed these privileges in all states of the United States except one, Massachusetts.Not only does our legal system not recognize a same sex union, but the majority of religions do not, either. god has a plan for marriage and this isnt it according to Mildred Jeter and Richard Loving (from Robinson, 2007). And, from John Stott, who authored a book Same Sex Partnerships, his basis for denigrating such unions is back up by the bible by referring to positive teaching in Genesis 1 and 2 about human sexuality and heterosexual marriage (from Robinson, 2007).However, there are no passages in the Bible which clearly state a prohibition against same sex marriages, although it does condemn prostitution and rituals which involve homosexuality. Thus, a religious liberal might thus conclude that gays and lesbians are called by God to either remain celibate or to enter into committed, loving, supported relationships exactly the same lifestyles as God expects of heterosexuals (Robinson, 2007).For both opponents and proponents in these examples, same sex marriage is not seen as unnatural but merely to be different than the institution we have been traditionally taught to believe is acceptable. Many other societies around the world do not prohibit, and even endorse, homosexual unions (Haeberle, 1981). By defining marriage as a union between two individuals who vow to lend each other their support and love, to create a life together, to work towards the same goals, to raise children (if such a decision is reached), and to share possessions, wealth and property, we can then remove the label of same-sex or heterosexual for it simply does not matter.Some may surround that the divorce rate will be affected by allowing same sex couples to marry in a legal union. If marriage means everything, it means absolutely nothing. It will mean nothing to same-sex as well as opposi te-sex couples. The current decline of the institution of marriage will be accelerated. Increasing numbers game of couples will elect to simply live together (Dobson, from Stanton). Current statistics show divorce rates hovering around 41 43% for all marriages homosexual unions would rattling have a higher rate of success if these couples were allowed to legally marry (Stanton, 2007).The United States we live in is a country founded on principles of exploration, the right to adjudge ourselves and to speak freely, and providing a haven for those who would risk persecution elsewhere. Should not these same principles apply to loving partners of the same sex who wish to marry? It is the civil right of every American citizen to be allowed the freedom to marry the person they love (Robinson, 2007). And, as American citizens, it is our duty to celebrate our differences and rejoice in the fact that family values are still alive and well, no matter the type of family.ReferencesHaeberle, Erwin J., Ph.D., Ed.D. (1981). History of Marriage in Western Civilization, The Sex Atlas. Continuum Publishing New York. Retrieved September 11, 2007, from the Magnus Hirschfield Archive for Sexology meshwork site http//www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/ATLAS_EN/html/history_of_marriage_in_western.html.Haeberle, Erwin J., Ph.D., Ed.D. (1981). Marriage and the Family, The Sex Atlas. Continuum Publishing New York. Retrieved September 11, 2007, from the Magnus Hirschfield Archive for Sexology network site http//www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/ATLAS_EN/html/marriage_and_the_family.html.Robinson, B. A. (2007). Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance, Same-sex Marriages (SSM), civil unions and municipal partnerships. Retrieved September 11, 2007, from the Religious Tolerance Web site http//www.religioustolerance.org/hom_marr.htm.Robinson, B. A. (2007). Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance, Liberal Christian views favoring Same-sex Marriages (SSM), civil unions and domestic partnerships. Retrieved September 11, 2007, from the Religious Tolerance Web site http//www.religioustolerance.org/hom_marj_l.htm.Stanton, Glenn T. (2007). Do Half of All American Marriages Really End in Divorce?, from Focus on the Family. Retrieved September 11, 2007 from the Family.org Web site http//www.family.org/socialissues/A000000596.cfm.

Using Cost Accounting Information to Enhance Firm’s Competitive Position and Performance

Cost write up in Theory The last two decades has seen a revolution in focusing accounting surmisal and practice due to the challenges of the matched environment in the 1980s. Kaplan and Johnson (1987) identified the failings and obsolescence of existing equal and exploit measurement systems, which led to the re-examination of traditional damage accounting and management restraint systems. Conventional financial and management accounting methods have developed primarily as a result of corporate statute in the 1930s forcing companies to provide externally published financial accounts.Management accounting is primarily focused as a decision making ray for running a business, hence they require more flexibility. match to Kaplan, management accounts have become a subset of financial accounts and that they reflect more on the external quite a than internal requirements of the company. Most of the managerial decision-making and control systems in use in the late 1980s were desc ribed by Johnson and Kaplan as stagnant. As a result, they went onto research in new accounting systems raising the profile of internal accounting systems by use of financial and non-financial measures.Although their work was at first seen as controversial, it is now considered of key importance for companies aiming to nurture their hawkish position and performance. The purpose of be accounting is to ascertain the be of increases and services. When properly implemented, the cost accounting voice willing provide necessary information for pricing decisions, identify the profitability of each increaseion, service, or job, aid management in maximizing profits by detecting sources of wastages and excess capacity, and piece of ass influence management behaviour.In theory, cost accounting help managers make decisions to fulfill an geological formations goals. Cost Accounting in Practice However, according to a July 2003 study done by the Institute of Management Accountants and E rnst and Young, 98% of managers believe their cost data is distorted spell almost 40% believe their cost data is significantly distorted. In practice, most companies still use the same cost accounting and management control systems that were developed decades ago in a competitive environment drastically different from today.In the many an(prenominal) cases worked on throughout the semester in Accounting intend & Control, for example Putz, Seligram Inc. and Zytec, there was an rudimentary problem of inaccurate be information that failed management when making decisions. This was due to the traditional cost systems that these companies utilized despite the ever-changing nature of their business environment. One of the main triggers that a company will need a new cost system is when changes occur in the organization and its environment. The article You need a new cost system when highlights the many signals in which a company needs to redesign or create a new cost system.This art icle proposes that a cost system must be up to date and functioning properly in order for the theory of cost accounting to be applied in practice. The problem with the state of the accounting profession is the skewed emphasis towards Financial Accounting, as identified by Kaplan. Financial Accounting is used to turn out financial statements for external users. These Financial Accounting reports ar for outsiders to assess the business, but the reports focus on compliance with generally accepted accounting principles in broad totals and are not designed to support decision making.Despite this fact, 80% of organizations rely on the GAAP required Normal be method to provide management with reports (Sharman and Mackie 12). When management reports echo standard financial reports, management loses. These reports have no activity data and often require managers to prepare their own ad hoc reports when they require decision analysis. These financial reports are difficult to understand by non-accountants and do little to give managers the information they should have at their fingertips to run a company. The Management Accounting problem in this country does not seem to be as problematic in other countries.According to the Sharman and Vikas article in the December 2004 Strategic Finance German companies employ just as many Managerial Accountants as Financial Accountants The U. S. employs one-tenth the trope of practicing Management Accountants than the U. K. , Canada, and Germany. The weak emphasis on Management Accounting and providing information to managers to run a company is partly caused by the overwhelming requirements external parties outer space on corporations. Companies lose sight that the most important viewers of company feedback are people inside the company.State- of the Art Cost Accounting Information to produce Competitive Position Companies realizing the importance of internal report adopt state-of-the-art, or up to date cost accounting techniqu es, straying away from financial reporting and normal costing, in an attempt to accurately measure the costs of acquiring or using resources. This state-of-the- art cost accounting information enables management to add-value for the consumer, and to erect their heartys competitive position and performance. In order for a company to enhance their competitive position, they must have an effective competitive strategy.The competitive strategy describes how an organization will compete and the opportunities its managers should seek and pursue. There are two competitive strategies that companies can decide to implement cost- leadership or product differentiation. When companies adopt the cost-leadership strategy, they decide to uphold a competitive advantage in the foodstuffplace by providing the best value at the lowest price. When companies adopt the product differentiation strategy, they choose to uphold their competitive advantage by offering unique products or services at higher prices than their competitors.According to the confrontation strategy, competitive advantage is not sustainable. This is a realistic view of competition by recognizing that competitors will quickly bring out similar products and match price changes. The underlying argument of the confrontation strategy is that firms must compete in terms of the survival triplet. The survival triplet consists of three strategic dimensions that characterize a product price/cost, quality, and functionality. These three dimensions are bounded by a minimum and maximum acceptable level which defines the survival zone.In order for firms to survive and stick around competitive, firms must operate in their survival zone. With that being said, companies face continuous pressure to reduce the cost of the products or services they sell, or continuously up the consumers perception of quality as related to their competitors. To successfully implement such(prenominal) strategies, managers must have state-of-the-a rt cost accounting information that will allow firms to adopt target costing to enhance their competitive position.Being that managers have little influence over pricing, (the central theme of economics states that prices are determined by supply and demand), management must monitor costs to receive desired profits. Target costing is the allowable amount of cost that can be incurred on a product and still earn the required profit from that product (Ansari, Bell, Klammer, Lawrence). The article Target Costing proposes that target costing is oddly important at the design stage, where 70-80 percent of the costs of a product are committed.Hence, target costing is more than just a cost accounting technique it is an integral part of the comprehensive management process that aids management in reducing the overall products life-cycle costs, portion an organization to survive in an change magnitudely competitive environment. Nonetheless, target costing is useful in pre-production as well as post production and has many advantages to allowing firms to uphold their competitive position. Target costing requires analysis on competitors products and the customers perception of their products, and uses this information to assess which particular customer segment of the market to target.This analysis done in target costing allows for companies to create products that adds value, in the eyes of the customer, while staying ahead of the competition by identifying areas of improvement based on the customers perceptions. Furthermore, target costing enhances a firms ability to uphold their competitive advantage. Target costing reinforces top-to-bottom commitment to process and product innovation and is aimed at identifying issues to be resolved, in order to sustain competitive advantage.Target costing helps to create a companys competitive succeeding(a) with market-driven management for intent and manufacturing products to meet customer expectations and market price. Also, ta rget costing identifies market opportunities that can be converted into real savings to achieve the best value rather than just simply the lowest cost. Target costing enhances competitive position in the ways aforementioned however, without state-of-the-art cost accounting information, target costing is impossible to achieve.State-of-the-art Cost Accounting Information Enhancing Performance State-of-the-art cost accounting information can also enhance a firms performance in the marketplace. In measuring a firms performance, a state-of-the-art accounting technique was developed by Kaplan and Norton called the fit wag. The fit scorecard translates an organizations mission and strategy into a set of performance measures that provides the framework for implementing its strategy (Hongren). The balanced scorecard uses financial and non-financial measures to treasure short-run and long-run performance.Key strategic nonfinancial and operational indicators measure adjustments that a comp any is making for the long-run. For example, an improvement in quality, as measured by improvement in yields, signals a strong likelihood of higher gross revenue and income in the future. By balancing the mix of financial and nonfinancial measures, the balanced scorecard brings managements attention to short-run and long-run performance. In for profit companies, the main goal of the balanced scorecard is to improve a companys financial performance. Non-financial measures simply serve as leading indicators for hard-to-measure long run financial goals.Kaplan and Norton developed four perspectives that firms should analyze to achieve performance levels that are necessary to meet customer needs, compete effectively, and achieve financial goal the financial perspective, the customer perspective, the internal-business-process perspective, and the learning and produce perspective. The financial perspective focuses on increasing shareholder value. Measures of the financial perspective incl ude ROI, ROCE, residual income, and EVA. By managing financial performance, managers are able to manage costs and unused capacity.This will enhance performance by increasing profitability of the firm. The customer perspective measures customer satisfaction and focuses on the importance of the customer on the business. This enhances performance by increasing the firms market share and overall customer satisfaction. This will enable firms to meet the future needs of customers and increase customer focus of sales on the organization. The internal-business process perspective focuses on the internal business processes that will meet the needs of customers. This area focuses on product design and innovation, improving skill and quality, and post-sales service.This perspective enhances performance by improving the customer-service process, identifying operational problems to improve quality, reducing delivery time, and improving manufacturing capabilities. The learning and growth perspec tive includes employee training, system capabilities, and employee motivation. Measures of learning and growth perspective include employee satisfaction, and employee training programs. This enhances performance by empowering the workforce, developing employees process skills, and enhancing system capabilities.By implementing an effective balanced scorecard, for-profit companies are able to stir up managers to take actions that result in improvements in financial performance. When financial and nonfinancial performance measures are properly linked, nonfinancial measures serve as indicators of lagging future financial performance. These indicators can aid management in improvements in future performance. Conclusion State-of-the-art cost accounting information allows for the implementation of modern cost accounting techniques.Such techniques include target costing and the balanced scorecard. Target costing enhances competitive position and uses state-of-the-art cost information to id entify activities that do not add value to the customer. Without modern cost accounting information, there will not be a breakdown of activities and their respective costs to supporter managers in analyzing non-value added activities. Target costing relies on state-of-the-art cost accounting information to identify these non-value added activities that managers will eliminate to reduce costs, and uphold their competitive position.The balanced scorecard uses state-of-the-art cost accounting information to motivate managerial behaviours and enhance performance. Managers rewards are based on the financial perspective, which metrics rely on cost accounting information. Analysis of operating income, a metric of the financial perspective, depends on modern cost account information that accurately separates material costs and conversion costs to identify spending variances and efficiency variances, which aid management in future financial performance.State-of-the-art cost accounting infor mation enhances a firms competitive position as well as their performance in the future by allowing the implementation of modern techniques. Focusing on internal reporting, and not just financial reporting will allow companies to adopt continuous improvement in dynamic, highly competitive environments, through techniques such as target costing and the balanced scorecard. Works cited Sharman, Paul A. and Kurt Vikas. Lessons from German Cost Accounting Strategic Finance. 2004, December. 28-35. Cooper, Robin. You Need a New Cost schema When Harvard Business Review. 1989, January. 6 pages. Sharman, Paul and Brian Mackie Grenzplankostenrechnung (GPK) Notes from Institute of Management Accountants Annual Conference. www. imanet. org. 1-58. Ansari, Bell, Klammer, and Carol Lawrence. Target Costing Management Accounting, A Strategic Focus. McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. , 1997. Hongren, Datar, Foster, Rajan, and Christopher Ittner. Cost Accounting A Managerial Emphasis. Thirteenth edition. Pe arson Education, Inc. New Jersey 2009. 462-485. Print

Four Little Girls

Documentary Film Analysis Worksheet For History 221 and History 222 Professor Tondeur Instructions You will find the list of ingests you can claim from in the Lesson section of the course. Go to the list and pick your film. You must view the entire film. If you cant access films because of deployment, geographic location, or other reasons, enliven let your instructor know so they can give you an alternate assignment. You must dissolvent in complete sentences, using a short answer/paragraph format. Cut and paste your answers into the Student Submission box for Assignment 2 and submit it as a Word document. 1. What is the title of the film you picked? 2. why did you pick this film over the others offered? 3. What is/are the central contentedness(s) of this documentary/fictional film? Be specific. Use examples from the film to support your choice. 4. Consider the effectiveness of the film for this history class. What are its strengths and weaknesses of this film in documenting h istory? . How do you think the filmmakers want the audience to respond? Is there a social justice message? If so, what is it? 6. Did the documentary leave you with any unanswered questions? If so, what were they? 7. How did this film change any misconceptions or stereotypes you had about the subject matter? If so, what were they? 8. What is the most important thing you acquire from watching the film? 9. Why is this film important to understanding contemporary African American History?

Global Village Essay

AbstractThe process of creating and sharing in shitation with one another is c whollyed converse. The domain of a function is becoming a small-intersected community for the fast changes in technology, expansion of multinational business or activities, transportation and immigration. The sustain force of world(prenominal) economy largely depends on the multinational business or other activities. Therefore, it is native to communicate stiffly among the hatful from different cultures, nations and meetings. But ethnical differences stand as barrier for hard-hitting parley. Informal agreements among the people, parties from different cultures make the base of effective communion. Proper intercultural conversation is the way to make the overall communication more than efficient and effective.The emerging use of sociable media networks overly making base of effective intercultural communication. Interactions among different cultural people argon making them more familiar to the other cultures and resulting common and shargond cultural activities. It is also making the informal understanding among different cultural people. Intercultural communication is also making people much more communicative than previous. People ar improving their communication skills, competences by the dump of intercultural communication.Intercultural communications has also blows on the social, governmental and cultural values. People argon sharing common cultures mean solar day by day and society also safekeeping sympathetic values gradually. The political exposes are no more for a particular chemical group as people from different places of the world reacting simultaneously. E really major(ip) political issue is becoming a world-wide concern. Finally each and every(prenominal)(prenominal) type of communication form has impact on intercultural communication. Verbal, non-verbal, indite, visual these all types of communication are influencing intercultural communi cation.ContentsAbstract2Introduction4The importance of Intercultural discourse in the global view of the world5 The position of social media such as, Facebook in Interculturalcommunicating6 The impact of Intercultural communication on the Communication competence7 The effect of Intercultural Communication on social, political and cultural values8 The effect of various types of communication (verbal, non-verbal, written and visual) on Intercultural Communication9 Conclusion10References11IntroductionToday the world we live in is a global village where no nation, group or culture can remain anonymous (Samovar & Porter, 1991). One part of the world clearly impacts on the other part of the world. And the impact is growing day by day. By the blessings of the modern technology we can slowly communicate with the people from anywhere, any nations any cultures of the world. So, if we do not know that particular cultures it whitethorn be a critical task to deal with the people. Intercultura l communication is a form communication among different groups of people from different cultures of the world. It is also widely cognise as cross-cultural communication. Some people say that intercultural communication is only communications among the people from different nations.But some disagree and say, it encompasses broader area including inter-ethnic, inter-religious, and blush inter-regional communication heretofore they include communication among individuals of different sexual orientations are as intercultural communication. This assignment encompasses the importance of intercultural communication and the impacts of social media on it. It also covers the impacts of intercultural communication on communication competences of an individual. The impacts on various social, cultural and political aspects are also described in this assignment. Finally, it has critical assessment of the impacts of different communication types similar(p) verbal nonverbal written or visual.T he importance of Intercultural Communication in the global view of the world Intercultural Communication has great importance in the global economy, culture and politics as well. Intercultural Communication is some essential for business purpose. When a company runs its business todifferent parts of the world it is necessary substantial to move over better understanding well-nigh the cultures of different targeting groups. They gather in to communicate to different segments of people like the suppliers, customers, workers from totally different cultures from the different part of the world. To adjoin the productivity intercultural communication is also important. As an exemplification, an apparel company produces clothing. If their production plant is located in Europe, it will take very high make up for per unit of production. Then overall productivity will go down. If they start out the factory in southern Asia then it can be produced more from the very(prenominal) cost o f production as they have low workers cost.Furthermore, in a factory there may have different people from different cultures, if they have a good interactions among them, it will also increase the overall productivity. It opens the door of innovation by teamwork. We all know that, talents are scattered to each and every corner of the world. We also know that, no big outcome is come by a single effort. Each and every radical success so far, is brought by a team work. If the team comprises of talent people from different parts of the world, it would be the best to bring a good result. But the most important issue is that, good interactions and communications among them. Intercultural communication is also important to practice team work for better result. Immigration is another important issue largely depend on intercultural communication.People from the low income bucolic, are selling their labour to the economically stronger county. Here, both parties are acquire benefited, as the stronger country is getting low paid worker, where the workers are also getting work opportunity. But, here intercultural communication is also important. We also well concerned about the internet found business in the world. Freelancing is also an emerging issue by the grace of technology. People from one part of the world are getting their jobs done from an technological from a thousand kilometres away.This business is certainly brings a positive some game for the both worker and provider. Modern organizations are composed of diverse people and managers from different culture s to operate multinational business. Intercultural communication also fosters the management skill and leadership skills. Intercultural communication has also importance on global political issues. People are becoming a community with the concern of every trivial political issue.The role of social media such as, Facebook in Intercultural Communication There is a critical role of social media in intercultur al communication. Facebook, twitter, MySpace are being used by billions of people across the world. They are interacting in same platform. They are becoming friend from one part of the world to another, from one culture to another culture. Moreover, any news and updates are spreading each and every part of the world just with in a second. These interactions are making a strong base of intercultural communication. As an example, people from china may have different cultural activities and festivals which are very unfamiliar to a somebody from Europe. But a Chinese is spreading his festivity through the facebook to t person of Europe.Therefore, the person of Europe is getting familiar with the festivals, norms and other cultural activities of the Chinese people. Same to the Chinese one he/she is also getting familiar to the cultures of Europe. Therefore, a strong base is being built by sharing those social media networks. People are getting familiar to the cultural activities to the d ifferent parts of the world and intercultural communication is getting improved day by day. People are participating all the cultural activities beyond their own borders and cultures.Moreover, these networks are opening windowpane of interacting informally with one another. Therese informal communication is most important for the better understanding among the people. It helps to clarify all the cultural factors and give an inner insight about a totally different culture. These social media are also helping to communicate with all forms of communication like verbal, non-verbal, written and visual as they are giving opportunity of video conversation. Therefore a strong understanding is growing up and effective intercultural communication is built.The impact of Intercultural communication on the Communication competence Communication competence is the ability to interact well with others (Spitzberg, 1988).To maximize the achievement of communication and to generate adaptive communicat ion performances by using companionship of self, other, context a situational ability to set realistic and appropriate goals is needed. This ability is communication competence. (Friedrich 1994). Intercultural communication has great impact on the communicationcompetences of an individual. These are describes as follows. Adaptability Intercultural communication increases a persons adaptability by opening new window of social experience, social confirmation, wit and social composure.Empathy It also helps to increase the ability to demonstrate understanding and share emotional reactions to the situation. It creates the sense of helping each other, parallel emotions and cognitive understanding. Communication ability It also to increase overall communication and interaction ability among the people. It also increases the flexibility, sensibility, tolerance among the people. It also makes the people to become more broad and open- oral sexed. Interactions among different people increase the confidence in the mind and create sympathy and respect to the other cultural people as well. Therefore, this respect and make people more interactive and their competences of communication increases. People are getting motivated to work with the other cultural people more comfortably. Hence, their sense of interpersonal understanding is growing. People get concepts all informal issues of a culture and communication elements of a particular culture through intercultural communication.The effect of Intercultural Communication on social, political and cultural values Intercultural Communication has impacts on the social, political and cultural values of the people. If we see there is a social change for intercultural communication. The societies of each and different parts of the earth are becoming almost similar. Even in a nation, societies are trying to hold certain standards by following the other society. These are becoming only for the blessings of intercultural communication. Intercultural communication has also impact on the cultural values. As the people are getting familiar with the other cultures day by day it has impacts on his own culture. One example is described as follows. In Europe, Valentines Day is discovered with a great festivity or New Year celebration is also observed in a great festivity. But by the grace of the modern world and most importantly for intermural communication these festivals are no more for Europe only.People from every part of the world, like Bangladesh is observing these festivals with a great festivity. So, it is clear that one culture is influencing to another culture and new cross-cultural activities are emerging. Popular festivals are no more for a group ofpeople, people are appreciating cultural activities from different cultures and including to their culture and new cultures are emerging. Cultures are becoming global as well. Finally, the political aspects are also being influenced by the intercultural communica tions.World politicians are not only concerned about their country only they have to think a lot about the other parts as well. It will be clear, if we see the very recent hap of Syria. The tragic incident, made an allegation across the world. This is now becoming very common scenario now. Any national incident is no more for a group of people only. It is a concern of the whole world. The world is reacting spontaneously and simultaneously. So, there are also some radical changes for intercultural communications.The effect of various types of communication (verbal, non-verbal, written and visual) on Intercultural Communication There are different forms of communication. People communicate verbally, non-verbally, in a written way or visually. These all type of communication has impacts on interpersonal communication. Few examples will make it clear. Firstly, Good Morning / evening are widely used in western culture. These greeting rowing are the part of their culture. But gradually it is growing global greetings. If we see social network page in a morning, this will be very clear. We can find lots of greetings form different cultural people of the world. What is their culture, their language do not matter actually. Even sometime words have different meaning in different languages, which may create complexity.But gradually these complexities are overcome by the grace of globalization and effective intercultural communication. other example regarding non-verbal communication form will make the topic clearer. Thumbs up is sign of alright in particular culture but this sign has an pivotal meaning in another culture. It is used as an insulting sign in particular cultural group. So, it may be problem when two persons are communicating non-verbally. But, now frequent and massive communications among different cultural groups of people are making these issues more clear. Gradually non- verbal communications are also growing with universal meaning.Similarly, in writt en communication, certain cultural people have some norms but fleck communicating to another cultural people it may create some noise. Massive intercultural communications are also reducing these problems. Visualelements can also be a form of communication. Many pictures, colours have different meaning to different cultural groups of people. People are communicating with video conversation, sharing visual elements in social media in massive scales and these issues are also becoming identical.ConclusionMessage transmission is the main problem in intercultural communication. One person can easily encode or interpret the message from a person of similar culture as they have common values, beliefs and norms. But in cross cultural communication, messages can be encoded different way even sometimes can be interpreted with an opposite meaning. Effective intercultural communications are making these issues more issues and creating a good platform for a good communication base. And these ar e being built by the grace of modern technology, social media. Intercultural communication is also playing a vital role to the success of multinational organization.Practicing intercultural communication increases the communication competencies of an individual. He or she also gets motivated, confident and efficient than before while communicating proficiently to the co-workers from different cultures. All the forms of communication have also impacts on the intercultural communication. The global village will soon hold very similar culture, values and languages. Intercultural communications are making the base to make globe a borderless village.References1. Allwood, J., & Schroeder, R. (2000). Intercultural communication in a virtual environment. Intercultural Communication, 4, 1-15.2. BeerE.Jennifer. (2003). High and Low Context. communicating Across Cultures. Retrieved December 01, 2013, from http//www.culture-at-work.com/highlow.html 3. Bomadan, (2010), Importance of Intercultura l Communication Retrieved January 07, 2013, from http//www.studymode.com/join.php?redirectUrl=%2Fessays%2FImportance-Of-Intercultural-Communication-To-Ist-297367.html&from=essay 4. Castells, M. (2000). Materials for an exploratory theory of the network society. British Journal of Sociology. 5. Elisabeth Harper , (2013), Interactive, Social Media Retrieved January 02 from, http//www.omnistudio.com/category/interactive/

Media as the main branch of society that sway Gender Essay

In the current era, media had been greatly influencing the society. Through the variety of information and mediums the industry could utilize, seemingly media could create numerous doctor in the lives of many people. In the movie Bodyguard which was publicized in 1992 provides one of the most distinct examples which could be highlighted to see the power of the media. In legal injury of sexuality topics, media had been the main industry that has the authority to proclaim what should or should non be for various genders in the society.The movie Bodyguard starred the most usual actors during the early 90s such as Kevin Costner and Whitney Houston. Both of these actors have their own image which the masses view of them. Therefore, there is an immediate connotation when it comes to the characters they portray. Kevin Costner is known to be a very good actor who had been acknowledged in many award giving bodies. Whitney Houston on the other hand is a very popular singer who is idolized by many.In the movie, Houston sort of, portrayed herself while Costner captured the role of a masculine, only-doing-his-job body guard who is very much protective of Whitney for the reason that she has a stalker. Houston on the other hand is a famous singer who was being harassed by a stalker. Thus seeing the main personalities, the characters does portray a very in-the-box nuance of what a male and a female should be. Just like in fairytales, the woman must be saved by a man in order for her to get through the evil witches who were often abusing the helpless lead character.In conclusion, media and the concept of media go together. The perspective of the media of what should or should not be is immediately absorbed by the society. Moreover, the movie Bodyguard supports the concept of the typical male and female responsibilities which is practiced by the society. Thus, the media supports this type of perspective of gender which strictly assumes that men are strong and protective whi le women are vulnerable and weak. References Costner, K. , Kasdan, L. & Wilson, J. (Producers). Jackson, M. (Director). (1992). Bodyguard. Motion Picture. United States Warner Brothers.

Living in Germany Around 1941 Essay

A) Explain why the encroachment of the USSR alterd the lives of those living in Germany around 1941-42. (12 Marks) The invasion of the USSR in the summer months was that of great confidence and assertiveness that they were on the front foot from the German nation. During these summer months, the Russians had been pushed linchpin by the Germans to what many thought of as the state of warmheartedness of the USSR Russia. Obviously when the Germans had advanced 20 miles short of the central of the most powerful enemy theyve faced yet, the German people had a right to be happy with their recent progress in the war. This changed their lives by braggart(a) them more confidence in that they mat they could defeat the Russians as they were pushing them back towards the capital.However, after the spend set in the attitude of the German people to the progress being made in the war changed. Before the war the Germans had demolished smaller countries such as France and Poland, meaning that the German people felt that losing was almost alien to them. But when the Russians kicked back against the Germans on the Eastern Front on December fifth 1941 outside of Moscow, the German retreat began. More and more soldiers fell, and the Germans were never able to recover the ground that they had lost. overdue to the soldiers diminishing, letters had to be written back to rural Germany to nonify those whom had relatives/friends in the war. When the letters started to come deep and fast, the German people now had a hint of doubt in their mind.I like to find of it as a seed that was planted- the plantation is from the initial invasion of the USSR, and when more and more letters and stories came back from the Russian lines the tree grew. Eventually, the doubt that was once a seed at the start of the invasion of Russia, had now to the full flourished into a vast tree of doubt, sho inveigleg us how the German lives had changed through doubt and disturbance that gradually built up through the invasion of Russia, from going and destroying France and Poland to being pushed back from the Russians. Some historians could set up that the battle of Stalingrad had the biggest effect of the German people around 1941. I would say that it was the turning point in the entire war, as it caused the realization from the German people that they were not going to win the war. This contrasts to before the war, where, as said, the German people didnt have many qualms about minor losses because they believed they knew they were going to win in the first place.However during Stalingrad this changed where a quarter million Germans were surrounded, field marshaled, and eventually forced to surrender- this continue on to 1942 where the German soldiers were freezing, and running low on ammunition. The news of this was tried to be kept chthonian wraps by some of the hierarchy in the German army, as it would prove low for morale. However the contrive spread through the press and a flurry of letters of death being sent home. This fully confirmed to the German citizens that the Germans were now on the back foot changing their lives, as they now had to be preparing for a loss, instead of a victory. Although it is not directly coherent to the invasion of the USSR, it could be said that the bombings that part came about from the invasion of Russia changed the lifestyles and actions of the German people.Before the bombings, William L Shirer reported The atmosphere was so peaceful and calm. The washup beach at Wannsee jammed with thousands. Hundreds of sailboats and canoes on the Havel. Families picnicking under the trees this tells us that the German people were once not bothered as much by the war, and it continued to be business as usual for the German citizens. I can contrast this when the bombings continued to develop on 16th and 17th of January 1943.The German people were now saying that the English are clearly superior in the air, and that the German Luft waffe is impotent at the moment and has no possibility of retaliating appropriately I think that this is a perfect example of the change from the Germans being confident and carrying on with their normal day to then beginning to doubt the German favourable position in the war, showing us how much their attitude has changed from pride to dread in a subject field of three years. Even though the bombings werent as connected to the Germans invading Russia, it could be said that had not the Germans invaded Russia then the bombings may not have been present/ been less relentless.

German Economy Essay

One of the major empyreans of German preservation is the trades of this country that has accounted for a great component of monetary output. In this regard, more than twenty-five percent of the national German output has been cod to the saturnine exports that have increase significantly during the last decade. In the year 2004, GDP of Germany was contributed by forestry, mining, and floriculture sector at a very lesser extent, as comp atomic make out 18d to the other sectors in the country.Despite Germany is going by means of a high level of industrial revolution, forest has covered more than twenty-five percent of Germans territory. In the year 2003, more than cardinal percent of Germanys gross internal result was accounted by services sector of the country. In this regard, more than seventy percent of the workforce was employed by this sector. On the other hand, metals, textiles, chemicals, vehicles, foodstuffs, and machinery be major imports of the country, which plays a racy and crucial role in the economic system of Germany.In the year 2003, a positive of US$55 billion was the account balance of payments and property of Germany. The paper will now discuss the abovementioned areas of German miserliness with detailed analysis, and hope will be beneficial for experts and economists in the better understanding of German Economy. In this competitive era, a telephone number of economies are enjoying a vital position, and Germany is one of the countries that have been able to construct a very important broadcast in terms of its economy.In terms of exchange rate of the United States, the German economy is considered the troika largest out of the other major economies of the world. Moreover, the economy of Germany has a very strong power of purchasing, which has resulted in its gift as the fifth largest around the globe. In the European continent, the economy of Germany is the largest of all the other economies, which has provided it with a number of opportunities and significance in this frugal world.Geographically, Germany enjoys a central place in the continent, which is one of the other reasons back the significance and exposure of opportunities to the German individuals and businesses. A number of difficulties and confrontations can be observed in the economic history of Germany, such as morphologic problems related to the East Germany, as good as, different structural problems that have continued since a last decade in the country. (Smyser, 1993) The German presidential term has imposed and utilize a number of policies that have provided significant opportunities for its economy to strengthen in the world.In this regard, one of the major move taken by the German government is the promotion of establishment of free enterprises, as well as, competition that has provided a competitive and friendly environment to the businesses and individuals in the country. However, various sectors are selected for the dis tribution of financial support by the state organizations. In the response of such steps taken by the government and related organizations, the economy of Germany has achieved a momentous space in the midst of other economic powers of the globe.In addition, different sectors have achieved strategic importance with the help of different policies by the German government. Thus, a number of factors and reasons are responsible and should be credited for the strengthening and powerful role that has been played by economy of the Germany. One of the major sectors of German economy is the exports of this country that has accounted for a great percentage of financial output. In this regard, more than twenty-five percent of the national German output has been due to the heavy exports that have increased significantly during the last decade.In the result, German economy has expanded traditionally in a macroeconomic manner with the support of heavy exports from different business sectors and in dustries of the country. Moreover, economic and political incorporation is a nonher raw material policy of the German economy, and such policy has been promoted on the continental level in the Europe. In the result, the European Union and its member countries have appreciated and encouraged the introduction and implementation of German economies policies at a higher extent.(Siebert, 2005) Similarly, a number of legislations related to the single markets in the European Union have been established and formulated based on German economic policies. The Euro is the common European currency used by well-nigh of the countries in the European continent. In this regard, Germany has implemented the usage of same currency in the country, which has resulted in the exposure of more opportunities related to the strengthened economy of Germany in the region.Frankfurt city in the Germany has the European Central Bank, which is responsible for the formulation of monetary policy of the country, w hich decides the future prospects for the coming historic period related to the economy of Germany. (Smith, 1994) Addressing domestic help structural problems is another major concern of the German government, which has been agreed and encouraged by most of the German and the foreign experts in the region. In the year 2003, the apprehend market was deregulated by the gradual steps of German government.In this way, high un piece of work rate was tackled in an effective manner. In the West Germany, more than seven percent of fall was observed in the unemployment rate in the country, which was the visible fact of deregulation of the labor market. However, there is still a huge room for improvement in the eastern part of Germany, which has an employment rate of more than fourteen percent in the region. (Scott, 2002) However, the German government is playing a vital role in the addressing of different issues related to the economy of Germany.For instance, high non-wage labor costs hav e to a fault been addressed by the government with the help of implementation of different policies related to it. Many businesses were burdened due to the imposition of bureaucratic parameters in the past, which was addressed by the present and previous governments during the last decade. Nowadays, it has become rather easy and trouble-free to establish a business in the Germany. New entrepreneurs have been encouraged, especially, in the export sectors of the country.In the result, a major and significant improvement can be observed in the economy of Germany, which is very much export-oriented in nature. (Siebert, 2005) In terms of facts, nine percent of growth was observed in the export year of 2007. In the result, some of the business experts deemed the Germany as the biggest exporter in the world. In the year 2006, more than dickens percent of growth was observed in the gross domestic product of the country. Moreover, it is estimated that the following years will achieve highe r percentage of GDP due to excellent growth in the exports of the country.However, the domestic market of the country is confronting structural problems that can result in some economic issues in the country. all over more than a decade, the labor sector is confronting stagnant wages, which is one of the crucial causes behind the weakness of the domestic market in Germany. In Germany, reunification is financed with the contributions of social insurance companies. Since the 1990s, high wage demands are not observed in unions in the Germany, which has resulted in the conservation of competitiveness among the German workers.Between the years 1990 to 2005, twain percent of decline was observed in the net income on an average in Germany, according to the Federal-Statistical baron of the country. However, wage demands from the unions have been raised significantly, as compared with the abovementioned union demands. In the year 2004, GDP of Germany was contributed by forestry, mining, a nd agriculture sector at a very lesser extent, as compared to the other sectors in the country. Approximately two percent of German population was given employment in the abovementioned sectors.The eastern states of the country have report to observe a great reduction in the employment rate. After the reunification process, more than seventy percent of workers in the agricultural sector were declined. However, domestic production in the agricultural sector resulted in the fulfillment of more than ninety percent of dietary and food requirements of the countrys population. In the European Union, the agricultural production is being lead by Germany, which has been followed by Italy and France in the European continent. In this regard, wheat, barley, cabbages, and potatoes are some of the major agricultural products in Germany.

Relationships with Government Regulators and Policymakers Essay

No, I did not believe that Merck acted in a socially responsible and ethical mien with regard to rofecoxib. Vioxx is a prescription medicine used to relieve signs and symptoms of arthritis, acute pain in adults and painful catamenial cycle and Merck was one of the worlds leading pharmaceutical firms. Corporate social responsibility sum that a corporation should act in a way that enhances society and its inhabitants and be held accountable for all of its actions that affect people, their communities, and their environment. I didnt believe Merck acted in a socially responsible and ethical manner with regard to Vioxx is because Merck had long enjoyed a reputation as one of the most ethical and socially responsible of the major drug companies.Drug festering and testingMerck was renowned for its research labs, which had a decades-long book of account of achievement, turning out one innovation after another, including drugs for cholesterol, hypertension, tuberculosis and other. In pro duct development and testing, scientists bash Vioxx there are serious health jeopardys and the drug may have side make such as cardiovascular complications but scientists think that the lives that could have potentially been and now know that the effects of the medicine can improve and so change and it can minimize the harmful side effects. During the development and testing phase for Vioxx has many issues regarding the safety of the drug were questioned due to the many cases of heart attacks and strokes resulting from the medication but also have people think heart attacks and strokes were common and they had multiple causes, including genetic predisposition, smoking, fleshiness and a sedentary lifestyles.Marketing and advertisingThis was new in the pharmaceutical industry as it was the showtime time the FDA were allowed to advertise to consumers and the advertising technique of Vioxx that was used was thru direct-to-consumer. Merck used an Olympic figure skater as the prim ary character within their commercials and telling viewers that she would not let arthritis stop me. The drug companies defended DTC ads, verbalise they informed consumers of newly available therapies and encouraged people to seek medical treatment so consumers then would request this medication, making doctors feel obliged to prescribe. Drug ac participation focused most of their marketing efforts on prescribing physicians and as a result of this fiasco, implications for big pharmaceutical firms like Merck are clear, they have take much time to conduct more clinical studies and assess the health risks associated with the drugs even if it means a stay in the entry of the drug into the market.Relationships with government regulators and policymakersVioxx were regulated by Food and Drug organization (FDA) and operate of FDA is whether or not to approve a new drug. Some evidence suggested that the morale of FDA ply charged with evaluating the safety of new medicine had been hur t by relentless pressure to bring drugs to market quickly. The government and policymakers received large sums of money from the development company during the advertising phase and market introduction. The assurance has not had an opportunity to review the data from the study that was stopped in the depth that Merck has, but agrees with the company that there appear to be significant safety concerns for patients, particularly those taking the drug chronically and FDA plans to work closely with Merck to coordinate the withdrawal of this product from the US market.Handling of the recallMerck announced a automatic worldwide withdrawal of Vioxx. From the published evidence of Vioxx is crystal clear risk of heart attack, as early as in the late 1990s, the company should be aware of risk awareness and the companys internal documents confirmed the the companys awareness of the risks. Yet Merck continued not alone to sell the drug, but to market it heavily and as a first line choice, not provided for those thought to be at higher risk of stomach bleeding. Merck conclusions and judgments of certain problems with Vioxxs put together can be faulted. They are either ignored or dismissed early signs of an increased risk of heart attack, whether it is in their own research and other post, trying to get to market faster. This proved to be deadly further studies in line with the concerns, and lead ultimately to lead to another wrong decision to recall the drug from the market and Merck would have hoped for, instead they lost the market of customers who would still have interpreted Vioxx in spite of the risks.

Bus210 Motivational Case Study Essay

I believe in the Two Men and a Truck case study, the motivational theory that Mrs. Sheets uses is the goal setting theory. Her initial goal was to help stake her sons part-time jobs. She created a marketing campaign, although she may not have seen it as such, by designing the frustrate figure drawing that is still being used today in the company. As a exclusive mother, she did not want to turn aside the phone calls that continued to be received, even after her sons went away to college and therefore, she purchased an inexpensive truck and hired two inclineers to maintain the business operations.Mrs. Sheets expanded the company and set egress a goal of being the to the highest degree guest-friendly moving company. To assist with this goal, she arranged trainings for her employees, and franchisee employees, where they learn basic customer service tools and how to be a high-functioning team member. These tools include how to properly answer the phone and to always reel the cust omers hand when the work is completed. She also asks employees to complete a survey card so the organization can use the feedback as coaching opportunities. All of these tools helped Mrs.Sheets company become one of the most successful moving companies in the area. In the Siemens case study, the motivational theory that is described is guidance by objectives. Mr. Kleinfield took over a Siemens unit in 1998 and immediately requested a transform in work shifts, including working weekends. The employees were shocked by what was being requested exclusively also acknowledge that due to a competitor, their jobs were in jeopardy from a lack of production. Mr. Kleinfield expressed an interest in the work being performed by being in the factory and asking questions related to the operations.This interest helped win over the employees and with the new schedules, production times were cut from six weeks to one. Although the employees did not know what was going on, Mr. Kleinfield recogniz ed what the supreme goal of the production facility was and put a plan into action as soon as he took it over to make it a success. By demonstrating this leadership, he ultimately was offered the CEO position, even though he never worked in any facility for very long, especially as a Consultant, but did have experience in every department that was associated with Siemens.

Facebook Porter’s Five

Porters five forces analysis has become a pervasively adopted framework for industry analysis, which can be used to examine the competitive intensity and attractiveness of a market or a company. The tender neting companies gradually come into the spotlight of the business world in recent years, which was especially featured by the significant event of Facebooks IPO on May 18, 2012. In such circumstances, it will be extremely interesting to apply the five forces analysis to gauge this giant and even unfold just about hints that why this star company has been struggling in the stock market since it went public.Although it has been a tough m period for Mark Zuckerberg, the to a greater extent transparency and disclosure of the companys financial as hale as operational information available for the capital market provide us much more useful resources to put Facebook under our microscope of five forces analysis. The Bargaining Power of Customers (Strong) With regard to customer aspec t, it might be taken for granted that we are referring to billions of active users on this website.But when we look further into this company and its product, the surprising true statement is that the users and their in the flesh(predicate) information are actually the product rather than the customer, at least from the financial standpoint. advertizement composes 84% of the companys total tax, which was $1. 18 billion for the second quarter of 2012 according to its ordained financial reports. Then we found out that the advertisers are Facebooks real customers, and what confronts this company is a fiercely competitive market.Although Facebook declared that 70% of its advertise campaigns resulted in a return on ad top of 3x or better, and 49% of campaigns showed 5x or better, Facebook adverting is ease generally undervalued by the marketers given the factor of being the belong ad viewed or clicked before a conversion outweighs all other criteria, and Facebook advertising u sually comes into free rein earlier in the conversion funnel. In addition to the low cost to switch to other advertising media, theres no wonder that the advertisers have gained relatively strong, if not dominant, bargain power with perpetually debating the value of Facebook advertising.The Bargaining Power of Suppliers(Medium) Compared to the customers bargain power, Facebook is standing at a regnant position with thousands of common-sense suppliers playacting in its arena. It may be noticed that I use common-sense to categorize such kinds of suppliers providing hardware, software, and work Facebook study to run their business, like Zynga. On the other side, it might be interesting to scrutinize another sort out of suppliers in terms of Facebooks product, that is, the users of the website.Yes, those are the users who establish their loving network and feed in their personal information, which make up of Facebooks product and determine its success. In accordance with Facebook s operational highlights of second quarter 2012, monthly active users on its website have notched 955 million as of June 30, 2012, which was an increase of 29% year-over-year. But taking the whole social networking market and even the internet into consideration, it will be severe for Facebook to maintain such steady increase of its user base.Actually, the increase pace has gradually slowed down in recent quarters, observed by multiple sources. Additionally, the users with more education and experience have been reluctant to dole out excessive personal information on the website to protect privacy and prevent from possible solicitation. After all, Facebook still serves as the mostly visited social networking website and is therefore in demand of diversified supplies, so we could regard the negotiate power of suppliers as medium level. The panic of Established Rivals(Strong)As discussed, the social networking companies are facing a amply competitive market. Besides Facebook, ther e are several other main instrumentalists, including LinkedIn, Google, Yammer, Myspace, etc, as well as hundreds of small websites focusing on specific segment or providing general social networking services. For example, LinkedIn has built up a professional network into a cant-miss destination with millions of member professional. The year-over-year receipts growth for LinkedIn was very(prenominal) remarkable at over 80% for the last two years, and it has continued to see strong revenue growth beating analyst estimates.LinkedIn has shown an even more robust business model compared with Facebook. Rather than whole relaying on advertising income, LinkedIn also has considerable revenue from job postings and subscriptions, which help the company to grow its revenue at a notable rate and avoid stagnancy. In this sense, Facebook may have more struggles to make better its user experience and spur revenue growth especially compared with its competitors, and the threat of established r ivals is absolutely strong. The Threat of New Entrants(Strong)For new entrants to social networking market, the technical barriers are barely insignificant and Facebooks most service might be its menstruation huge user base. But such advantage is also balmy to be mimicked by other Internet giants who already have stable visitor stickiness like Google. Google launched its social networking and identity service, Google+, in June 2011. As of September 2012, it already has a total of 400 million registered users of whom one hundred million are active on a monthly basis.Instead of presenting as a social player consisting of not just a single site, Google has been able to provide an overarching layer integrating many a(prenominal) of its current online properties. Illustrated by Googles story, the threat of new entrants to social networking market for Facebook is quite strong and even electrifying if we recall the ever-changing world of internet business. The Threat of Substitute Pro ducts(Weak) Finally, the threat of substitute products to social network website including Facebook is not obvious yet.Facebooks current user base still shows a strong stickiness and its nonstop innovation also help it satisfy the users social networking needs well. But considering Facebook is essentially a social network that allows users to stay in touch with their friends, there are so many products or services could potentially address it. Especially if we observed the booming market of mobile networks, services like Buzzd, Twango and Dada may grow up to be a real threat in the near future. Overall, the threat of substitute products is medium based on the analysis above.

Conflict in The Middle East Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Conflict in The Middle East - Assignment ExampleVarious western verbalizes had vary stands regarding the matter. First, in the need to quench the contravene, the British reduced the migration of the Jews into Palestine. In addition, they rejected the suggestion of an independent state in Palestine. Second, the United States approved for the creation of an independent Jews state. This was despite the fact the Jews were only a deuce-ace of the whole Palestine population. Nonetheless, the United Nation intervened and partitioned Palestine into a Jewish and an Arab State. Consequently, both sides remained bitter (Spielvogel p896-898).The yield of Colonel Abdel Nasser as a new leader in Egypt raised the hopes of the possible end of Arab-Israel conflict. Through the assistance of the United States he was able to reclaim the Suez Canal which of great interest to the British and the French. Thereafter, Egypt led to the makeup of the Palestine Liberation Movement to unite the Palestini ans (Spielvogel p896-898). Understanding the present day Middle East conflict enables one to have better understanding of the possible causes of the start and failures to ending the

Eroupean business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Eroupean business - Essay Example on with this evolution of humans and territories, the political setup, which ruled villages, also evolved and new political setups came into being, to rule cities, provinces or states and importantly countries.With the evolution and formation of countries, the political setups also evolved, with countries governed by different political setups including democracy, monarchy, Theocracy, Despotism, etc. This evolution and ecesis of some countries with different political setups have necessitated the formation of an overseeing or conglomerate organization. The role of conglomerate organization is manifold as it provides a forum to discuss as well as solve many important issues apart from aiding unison of countries. This study provide focus on one such organization, European gist. European Union is a conglomeration of countries in the continent of Europe. But, that conglomeration or integration has non been fully actualized, as certain older membe r states particularly unify Kingdom opposing it and mistrusting it. So, this paper will first analyze why certain member states particularly UK is mistrusting European integration, and then will discuss the changes particularly institutional structure and economic changes that might reinvigorate the process of European integration.United Kingdom is regarded as one of the most dominant countries in the world history, as it strengthened its reign as well as spread its influence all over the world in the prior centuries. But, in recent times or in recent decades, citizens think that its supremacy and importantly reign is being challenged by external issues or organizations, with which UK is voluntarily associated. That is, some actions of external bodies like European Union (UK holds membership of it) and its court is undermining the powers as well as the laws issued by the UK Parliament, thereby UKs sovereignty.According to volume of the

The Grand Theory Of Care And Its Using In Patient Care Essay

The Grand Theory Of Care And Its Using In Patient Care - taste ExampleIn the core circle is the patient who is under the nursing concern and receiving handlings within the treatment center. Due to her independence and liberty, the core sets his or her personal goals and thus behaves in line with such goals. jibe to McCrae (227), patients are made of different overlapping parts that are brought together into one common grammatical construction by the attitude, skills, and experience of take holds. The personality of the patient defined the approach adopted by the nurses in care for them as attitude play an important role in the process of caring for patients generally. The pathologic declare determined the treatment approach adopted and the number of healthcare professionals engaged in the process of providing the same (McCrae 225).McCrae also attributed proper services such as bathing, toileting, moving, dressing and undressing among others are all included in the caring role of nurses in this speculation. Whenever the core is not in a place to provide care to them, it is incumbent upon the nurses to provide the same through closeness and interpersonal relationship that eliminates the feeling of loneliness.McCrae (222), approaches the 3C theory from its ternary major concepts which are care, core, and cure whose interaction ensure that a patients medical assert is improved. As has been noted, the nurses must endeavor to improve the care process for the overlapping to be complete and the theory to work fully. Apart from the care part of the theory, there are also the core and the cure that is mandatory and applied in the process of caring for the patient and improving their physical and mental states. The core component part of the theory is multidisciplinary and shared among different health professionals within the care center.Bjork (2336) states that despite the comfort provided by the nurse through the care circle, the psychological and physical b eing of the same person is enhanced to aptly react tomedication and the treatment provided.

Julio Le Parc Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Julio Le Parc - Case Study Example501). For instance, the jut out of the exhibition played on the disparity between dark and bright spots, with some works hang in openings to produce a sensory experience. The sensory experience was the true identification of the kinetic ruse since its mixed light, energy and style in one perspective.The experiment also had a revolving mirrored discs and naive apparatus with small unsteady motors operating at different speeds to reflect and project light into the space. The fantasy was to play with the audiences perception and attract their concentration in the hall (Ruhrberg & Walther 2000, p. 501). As a result, the lights faecal matter over the setting and the audiences motion in reaction to them generated the work of art. To achieve the light and movement result, the arrangement had to be in a dark hall where light is perceived as both image and refraction. The significance of this research is that it led to the discovery of modern light an d movement art works in architecture (Grabes 2008, p. 33). For instance, the designs of voids in buildings use concepts by Le Parcs experiments to produce adequate lighten up in houses.This art was about light and vibration of objects using optoelectronic properties. It concerned the use of light in different materials to illustrate space and movement frequency ranges. This work of art had simple elements adjusted in various ranges to show the light movements around the wall. A notable application of this project is used in Toyko museum where light movements were replicated in enclosed places. It was first exhibited in the French museum during an art show where light movement was put against mirrors (Herzog & Le Parc 2005, p. 58). This finding showed that light movement can actually operate under the stoop of spectators within the environment. It also had discs that reflected the light during vibration from the surrounding systems. This was produced by putting a box in the middle of projects, which were

Explain the 2 clauses and 3 Key elements Contained in the fourth Essay

Explain the 2 clauses and 3 Key elements Contained in the fourth Amendment that specifically pertains to search and seizure. be - Essay ExampleAs provided by the second clause and explained in the Johnson case a valid search antecedent must contain the following extremity 1.) It must be issued by a unbiassed and detached magistrate 2.) there must be presented to the magistrate an becoming showing of probable set supported by oath or affirmation, usually in the ground level of an affidavit from a police officer 3.) the warrant must describe with particularity the place to be searched and the items or persons to be seized. A neutral magistrate as provided in Shadwick v. City of Tampa (1972) must be neutral and detached and capable of determining whether probable cause exists for the requested arrest or search. Probable cause on the other hand means contemplates facts and circumstances within an officers personal fellowship that are sufficient to warrant a man of reasonable caut ion in the belief that an curse has been or is being committed. Carroll v. United States (1925). And the standard of particularity as required for a valid warrant that the description be sufficiently precise in so that the officer executing the warrant raft with reasonable effort ascertain and identify the place intended (Steele v. Unites States 1925) and that it leaves nothing to the discretion of the officers to inquire yet (Marron v. United 1927)).

Women of Troy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Women of Troy - Research Paper ExampleThe tragedy experienced in this play is ane of a kind and perfectly blended to break even the coldest of hearts and disappear them as notwithstandingter melts before a hot iron. Euripides takes time to curve out the tragedy from the mythologic Greek legends and out of it comes a masterpiece that can only be compared with Homers Iliad, verses from Sophocles and overly Aeschlylus. It has been a Greek thing to write beautiful stories of heroes and gods but nothing beats the Greeks at livery out emotions in people as such with tragedies. In as much as most(prenominal) of the former plays of those times used unskilled performers and actors, the Grecian playwrights such as Homer still operate the point home by employing numerous theatrical techniques to keep their audience satisfied and entertained (Kirk, 20).At the onset of the events of that led to the Trojan War, Athena, Hera and Aphrodite are seen to fight over the rights of the fairest of them all. Zeus, the king of all gods, send the triplet goddesses to the Trojan prince Paris who then chooses Aphrodite and in return she makes Helen the fairest of women in Sparta winning the heart of Paris, and what follows next is one of the epic dates to ever go down in the Grecian history and history of the world. It is from this epic battle that we get to learn of the Trojan women and their plights before and after the war. Hecuba, the queen of Troy, wife to Priam and mother to Hector and Paris, is the runner one to enter the stage full of grief and lamenting for the deaths of his two sons and husband and the fall of Troy. afterward on, after the news from the Grecian herald of woe Talthybius, enters the cursed Cassandra with the ability to foresee the future but otherwise incapable of wooing her adversaries to believe her and she later ends up dying in the house of her Greek Patron. Then enters Andromache full of tears for her dead husband Hector and soon after her son is killed by

Tax Consequences of Non US residents operating a business in the Essay

Tax Consequences of Non US residents operating a business in the United States. Also Non US residents Investing in United States business and or other United States Investments - Essay ExampleAs per the invest-faq.com, a non-resident alien is able to enjoy keeping some investments in this nation (the States) while at the same(p) time getting numerous revenue exempts upon income gained from the investments. A good example is the situation where a citizen of the US does his job in the USA for a considerable time period and gets a good portfolio of securities while in the USA. This person can enforce on to that portfolio perfectly regardless of whether she/he stays in the USA afterwards.The term or flavor non-resident alien also encompasses such nationals from foreign countries who happen to reside in the USA such as students. These non-resident aliens who have US holdings are obliged to comply with the rules of the USA receipts system as the taxation authority of the US enforces s uch, the IRS. Since the taxation laws of the USA seem complicated, non-resident aliens need to consult tax advisors who have every(prenominal) taxation issues on their finger tips.Fundamentally, a non-resident in USA, for taxation purposes, has to spend a period of lesser than 183 days in the USA. The rule governing this is complex in a way since it considers the previous geezerhood as well, as per the publication number 519 of the IRS. (Invest-faq.com, 2009)Several court cases for non-resident alien taxation cases have been perceive and resolved in court. Examples include Storerios and Catherine Hantzis versus CIR and Michel versus Commissioner among others.In the case of Storerios and Catherine Hantzis versus CIR, the initial circuit of the court of appeal for the USA stated that a full-time student of law who is unemployed and is residing in Boston and at the same time attending classes in the Harvard Law School which is in Cambridge, who decided to take up a job for summer in the natural York for 10 weeks got a tax home in New York alone since New York was her employment location. Thus, being an employed full-time student kind of status in his residence, Boston was not enough to take that as her