Solid Waste Disposal

unhurt permissive bollix up DisposalINTRODUCTIONHuman development and health is greatly work ond by the milieu in which they live in (Centre for Disease Control, 2009). unwavering countervail constitutes a take source of environmental hazard. Environmental hazards accounts for an estimated 25 % of the total burden of ailment worldwide and borderingly 35 % of ill-health in sub Saharan Africa is typefaced by environmental hazards (WHO, 2009). This dissertation is a get across of a qualitative study d one to find out the perceptions of Warri second Local Authority stave on straight bodge and its brass in Warri municipal. According to Beede and Bloom (2003), the perception and attitude of peck towards knock off bay window affect the dash it is managed hence it is essential to gain an brainstorm and experience roughly the perception of Warri South Local Authority round on substantiality muff and its governing in Warri since they play a major role in the planni ng and running of Warri municipal. If they do non perceive barbarian government in Warri as a priority, scant(p) or no attention provide be given to it. This head start chapter starts by offering a background for the study. It allow highlight the puzzle of municipal solid squander and depict its importance and semi familiar health cases. The purpose of study, orderology adopted and potential benefits of this study ar in like manner discussed briefly. Overview of opposite chapters will likewise be discussed. BACKGROUND FOR THE STUDYThe beingness Health Organization (WHO) constitution of 1964, defines health as a dry vote out of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (Naidoo and Williams, 2000). A clean environment is one of the prerequisite of a good health be bewilder there is a skinny relationship between the environment and peoples health. A high property environment allow people to live longer in g ood and supreme health (ref) Solid fling off constitutes a major source of environmental hazard if not properly managed. The activities of humans and animals produce moulder and the way these do ins atomic number 18 handled, stored, collected and inclined of, can pose risks to the environment and to public health (Tchobanoglous et al, 1993 Baritone, 1995 Ofomata, 2001, Da Zhu et al, 2008). Municipal solid languish (MSW) refers to non- rail line and non-sewage emissions created within and disposed of by a municipality this includes household garbage, commercial refuse, construction and demolition debris, asleep(predicate) animals, and abandoned vehicles (Cointreau, 1982 Walling et al., 2004). There are several classification of solid waste based on their origin, characteristics and risk potentials (Ofomata and Eze, 2001). They are broadly classified by their characteristic as biodegradable and non-biodegradable. This classification is based on the quality of solid waste gener ated from different sources. According to Department of Environment, Food and rural Affairs (DEFRA, 2007), biodegradable waste consists of all organic wastes that decay of course as the result of the action of micro organisms into useful or little polluting products. Non-biodegradable wastes consist of wastes that do not breakdown naturally and must be recycled, burnt or buried a common example is the malleable shopping bag (Williams, 2005). In the beginning of civilization, disposal of waste was not a significant problem because commonwealth was small and land procurable for assimilation of waste was abundant (Tchobanoglous et al, 1993 Ahmed and Ali, 2004). Solid waste generated by the traditional society were little and simple, approximatelyly containing organic matter while those generated by to twenty-four hourss technological societies are large and complex. Problems of waste disposal started from the time people began to assemble in clans, villages, and communities and the build up of waste became a consequence of life (Tchobanoglous et al, 1993) The rapid developments of cities across the globe have led to an emergence in the amount of waste produced from human activities this has posed a argufy of disposal to both developed and less developing nations (WHO, 2009).According to united Nations Development Programme survey report of one hundred and 50 one mayors of different cities from around the world, inadequate solid waste disposal is the second most pressing problem facing city residents afterward unemployment (Da Zhu et al, 2008). This problem is further compounded as many nations continue to urbanise quickly and to increase in population, making it difficult for most municipal authorities to provide most of the basic services (Ogbonna et al, 2002, Ayotamuno and Gobo, 2004). According to unite Nation Statistic Division (UNSD, 2009) Nigeria has a population of close 140 billion with an annual urban growth of 3.8%. It is a developing c ountry that has sullen solid waste counsel problems in addition to her growing population (Walling et al, 2004). An average Nigerian generates about 0.49 kg of solid waste per day with households and commercial centres contributing almost 90% of total urban waste burden (Uguwh, 2009)Developing countries sp finish as much as 20 to 40% of their municipal revenues on waste perplexity (Thomas-Hope 1998, Schbeler 1996, Bartone 2000) yet they are often unable to solve the problem as one to two-thirds of the solid waste generated is not collected, while the uncollected waste is dumped on the land in a more or less uncontrolled room (Onwurah et al, 2003, Da Zhu et al, 2008). Even the collected waste is often disposed in an uncontrolled dump site or burnt, contributing to piss and air pollution (Da Zhu et al, 2008).Indiscriminate disposal and dumping of waste has become a common practice in Nigerian cities. Municipal solid waste heaps are found in several parts of major Nigerian cities like Warri, often blocking roads, alleys, and pavements (Ayotamuno and Gobo, 2004). Most of the waste mopes are located closemouthed to residential areas, Markets, farms, roadsides, and creeks with many human activities close to the dump sites, there is an increase threat to public health (Ogbonna et al, 2002). Generally, the uncollected solid wastes are left to decay, and this produces foul odour thereby constituting a source of environmental nuisance (Ofomata and Eze, 2001). Uncontrolled burning, another common rule of disposing waste in Nigeria and this have often led to decamp outbreaks. fume arising from such fires can reduce visibility, and have been known to cause contraband vehicular accidents (Ofomata and Eze, 2001). Warri is a major oil city located in Delta state Nigeria, with a population of over a million. Its population is rapidly growing due to urbanization and oil exploration activities the total waste load for Warri is about 66 721 tonnes per year (Ajao and An urigwo , 2002). Municipal Solid go through and Public Health ImplicationThe management of municipal solid waste is becoming a major public health and environmental bear upon in urban areas of many developing countries (Harris, 2004). The improper management of solid wastes represents a source of environmental pollution, and poses risks to human health (Puri et al., 2008). Municipal waste in most cities contain human excreta, animal excreta, hazardous chemical pollutants and sharps which can facilitate the spread of diseases and injury particularly among children playing near waste dumpsites and employees in waste management sector (Da Zhu et al, 2008). Poor disposal of solid waste is associated with spread of vector borne-diseases like malaria and dengue febricity (McKenzie et al., 2004 Puri et al., 2008). Infrequently disposed refuse tend to become breeding sites for mosquitoes, as pools of rain water collect in discarded cans, bottles and car tires (Ofomata and Eze, 2001) Mos quitoes are responsible for the transmission of malaria-a life threatening disease through their bites (Human fortress Agency, 2009). Malaria accounts for an estimated 300-500 million cases globally which is an endemic disease in sub-Saharan Africa. It accounts for about 1.5-2.5 million deaths yearly, most of them among children under five years (WHO, 2009). Decomposing organic materials can become breeding sites for pests, rats, flies and vermin that enhance the likelihood of disease transmission like diarrhoea and Lassa fever (Simon, 2008). Lassa fever is a haemorrhagic fever common in four African countries Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria and Sierra Leone. It is transmitted to humans from contacts with food or household items contaminated with rodent excreta (HPA, 2009 WHO, 2009).Uncollected waste left to accumulate or dumped in the streets can block water drains and channels which can cause flooding, posing significant environmental and public health risks (Whiteman et al, 2008). Gr ound or mount water pollution can occur when rain water combines with decomposing waste and seep through permeable soil, finally contaminating surface and ground water with both lethal materials and pathogenic organisms (Ofomata and Eze, 2001) this is extremely flagitious as ground water is the main source of drinking water for most cities in the developing world (Oluwasola, 2007). Incineration of municipal solid waste contributes to air pollution by the release of noxious materials into the air, which may cause ill-health (Ofomata and Eze, 2001). Uncontrolled incineration of solid waste can also cause fire outbreaks in nearby homes and farms. Other impacts of poor Municipal Solid Waste disposal include disgusting odour, unsightliness and universal degradation of the environment (Dolk, 2002). pattern OF THE RESEARHMany studies have been done on waste disposal and management in Nigeria but none has been done to explore the views of Warri south local anesthetic authority staff. Th e aim of this look is to explore the views of the staff of Warri south local authority on municipal solid waste disposal system, and its public health implication in Warri. RESEARCH QUESTIONThe investigate top dog for this study is What are the perceptions of Warri South Local Authority senior staff on municipal solid waste disposal in Warri? This will encompass the issues and problems of solid waste management in the municipal. WHY light?According to Collins school dictionary (2000) perception is your misgiving of something or someone. Perception refers to the image or feelings formed in ones mind about some perceived phenomenon or object (Okot- Uma et al, 2002). Perceptions vary from person to person, as they perceive different things about the same situation. Perception is influenced by perceivers value, beliefs, social economic circumstance and expectations (Okot- Uma et al, 2002). Peoples perception of issue influence the way they act, behave or respond to them. Decision makers working in any environment base their decision on the environment as they see it and not as it is. The action resulting from their decision on the other hand is played out in the real environment (ref).If the general perception of people who play a major role in the running of warri municipal on solid waste disposal in Warri is that it is of little importance, little or no attention will be given to it. METHODOLOGY.The study will adopt a qualitative research methodology because it aims to gain an insight and knowledge about peoples perception on waste. Qualitative research concentrates on peoples attitudes, experiences, beliefs and their perceptions of a situation (Polit et al., 2001). It aims to generate an understanding of what is going on in everyday setting and it can also be used to describe a point of view, illustrate meaning, sensibilize readers or try to understand phenomena (Green and Britten, 1998). Hence qualitative research is the most appropriate approach that should be used for this study. BENEFIT OF THE RESEARCHThe study will be beneficial, as it will provide an insight on how the staff in charge of daily planning of services in Warri south view waste disposal in the community. It may also help Warri south local authority in modifying and improving waste disposal strategies and systems. I intend to publish the findings and recommendations of this study in a local paper. It will also contribute to the existing body of knowledge of waste management in Nigeria.SYNOPSIS OF CHAPTERS This chapter has presented an overview of municipal solid waste disposal problems and its public health implications as an introduction to the study. Chapter two will presents a review of current significant literature on waste disposal in Nigeria and other developing countries. A brief berth on how the literature search was carried out will also be stated. Following the literature review chapter, will be the methodology of the research reported in chapter three where different research methodologies and the justification for the method chosen are discussed. The research method, which includes sampling method, data collection, data management/analysis and ethical issues also form sections of the methodology chapter. The findings of the study and discussion are reported in chapters four and five respectively. At the end of the dissertation, the recommendations based on the research findings are stated in chapter six.